我国强制隔离戒毒治疗人群的大麻使用现状

doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.03.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的了解我国强制隔离戒毒治疗人群大麻使用特征,为我国大麻禁毒政策提供参考。方法利用2016年公安部重点城市毒品滥用规模评估项目数据,对全国30个省、自治区和直辖市的55个省会城市和重点城市的强制隔离戒毒治疗人群中大麻使用者社会人口学、毒品使用特征进行描述性分析,采用χ²检验、Fisher精确检验和Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验比较不同人群中大麻、海洛因、合成类毒品和混合毒品使用率的差异,以及大麻使用者中多药使用情况及地区间的差异。结果共纳入强制隔离戒毒治疗人员25 366人,大麻使用率为2.2%(546/25 366)。在大麻使用人群中,男性占83.5%,少数民族占41.0%,初中及以上学历占30.8%,无业人员占44.1%,平均年龄为(33.3±8.2)岁,平均首次吸毒年龄为(24.8±7.7)岁,首次吸毒到首次强制隔离戒毒的平均间隔时间为(5.4±4.6)年。35岁及以下、少数民族、在职、新疆的强制隔离戒毒人群大麻使用率较高。使用大麻的546人中,91.4%人存在多药使用情况,13.6%只合用海洛因,42.1%只合用合成类毒品,35.7%混合使用海洛因和合成类毒品。49.6%的大麻使用者集中在新疆维吾尔族自治区、江苏和上海三个地区。新疆大麻使用者中少数民族和初中及以下人群所占比例较高,有79.6%大麻使用者合用海洛因;江浙沪地区大麻使用者中汉族和高中及以上人群所占比例较高,有92.7%大麻使用者合用甲基苯丙胺。结论我国强制隔离戒毒治疗人群中大麻使用率较监测吸毒人群中的大麻使用率高,并且存在地域聚集性和较高的多药使用现象,提示宜针对不同地区和人群,加强对大麻使用情况的监测,加大对大麻的管控力度,制定符合我国国情的禁毒政策。

关键词: 大麻, 吸毒者, 强制隔离戒毒治疗

Abstract:

Objective: To explore the epidemic situation of cannabis use among drug users with compulsory detained detoxification treatment in China.Methods: Using the data from the Drug Abuse Population Estimation in the Key Cities of the Ministry of Public Security, we analyzed the sociodemographic characteristics and substance use of cannabis abusers with compulsory detained detoxification treatment in 55 provincial capital cities and key cities of China. Chi-square test, Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used to compare the prevalence of cannabis, heroin, synthetic and mixed drug use among patients with detoxification treatment, as well as the differences in polydrug use and areas among cannabis users.Results: In the study, 25 366 drug users with compulsory detained detoxification treatment were recruited, of whom 2.2% (546/25 366) used cannabis in the previous year before the treatment. The proportion of males was 83.5%, and the proportion of ethnic minorities was 41.0%. Those who received junior high school education or above accounted for 30.8%, and the unemployed accounted for 44.1%. The average age was (33.3±8.2) years, the average age of beginning drug use was (24.8±7.7) years, and the average duration between the first drug abuse and first detoxification treatment was (5.4±4.6) years. The prevalence of cannabis use was higher among those drug users who were 35-year-old and younger, ethnic minorities, employees and residents in Xinjiang. Of the cannabis users, 91.4% used polydrug, 13.6% combined with heroin alone, 42.1% combined with synthetic drugs alone and 35.7% combined with both of heroin and synthetic drugs. Of the cannabis users, 49.6% came from 3 regions: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City. The cannabis users in Xinjiang had a high proportion of ethnic minorities who received junior high school education and below. Moreover, 79.6% of them combined cannabis use with heroin. The cannabis users in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai areas had a higher proportion of ethnic Han who received better education (high school and above). Moreover, 92.7% of them combined cannabis use with methamphe-tamine.Conclusion: The prevalence of cannabis use among the population with compulsory detained detoxification treatment is higher than that among drug users under surveillance, but there are obvious regional cluster effect and high possibility of polydrug abuse. Thus, it’s important to strengthen the monitoring of cannabis use, to increase the control of cannabis and to formulate China’s anti-cannabis policy among different population.

Key words: Cannabis, Drug users, Compulsory detained detoxification treatment

中图分类号:

R749.611

汤文郡,汤皓翔,星一. 我国强制隔离戒毒治疗人群的大麻使用现状[J]. 北京大学学报（医学版）, 2020, 52(3): 541-546.

Wen-jun TANG,Hao-xiang TANG,Yi XING. Cannabis use among the drug users with compulsory detained detoxification treatment in China[J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2020, 52(3): 541-546.

图/表 4

表1

不同强制隔离戒毒治疗人员中大麻、海洛因、合成类毒品和混合毒品使用率"

Subgroups	n	Cannabis	Heroin	Synthetic drugs^a	Mixed drugs^b
Total, n (%)	25 366	546 (2.2)	8 230 (32.4)	14 678 (57.9)	1 912 (7.5)
Age, n (%)
9-34 years old	13 134	340 (2.6)	2 288 (17.4)	9 622 (73.3)	884 (6.7)
35-74 years old	11 094	191 (1.7)	5 204 (46.9)	4 743 (42.8)	956 (8.6)
χ²		21.1	2 448.2	2 319.0	30.5
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Gender, n (%)
Male	21 003	454 (2.2)	7 050 (33.6)	11 986 (57.1)	1 513 (7.2)
Female	4 108	90 (2.2)	1 001 (24.4)	2 633 (64.1)	384 (9.3)
χ²		<0.1	133.5	69.7	22.6
P value		0.906	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Ethnicity, n (%)
Han	21 240	316 (1.5)	6 106 (28.7)	13 287 (62.6)	1 531 (7.2)
Minority	3 152	220 (7.0)	1 466 (46.5)	1 144 (36.3)	322 (10.2)
χ²		385.2	404.5	783.5	35.4
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Education, n (%)
Primary school and below	6 470	160 (2.5)	2 872 (44.4)	2 786 (43.1)	652 (10.1)
Junior high school	12 142	195 (1.6)	3 488 (28.7)	7 628 (62.8)	831 (6.8)
High school and above	6 077	158 (2.6)	1 483 (24.4)	4 041 (66.5)	395 (6.5)
χ²		26.4	679.4	889.1	76.8
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Employment, n (%)
No	12 226	213 (1.7)	4 317 (35.3)	6 556 (53.6)	1 140 (9.3)
Yes	11 329	270 (2.4)	2 914 (25.7)	7 484 (66.1)	661 (5.8)
χ²		12.0	254.1	377.8	101.4
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Areas, n (%)
Xinjiang	822	186 (22.6)	423 (51.5)	144 (17.5)	69 (8.4)
Jiangsu	992	46 (4.6)	94 (9.5)	805 (81.1)	47 (4.7)
Shanghai	1082	39 (3.6)	299 (27.6)	674 (62.3)	70 (6.5)
Guangxi	927	34 (3.7)	363 (39.2)	295 (31.8)	235 (25.4)
Zhejiang	899	24 (2.7)	228 (25.4)	578 (64.3)	69 (7.7)
Others	21 543	241 (1.1)	7 051 (32.7)	12 760 (59.2)	1 491 (6.9)
χ²		1 795.5	405.7	1 052.4	447.6
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Age/years, $x ? ± s$	24 228	33.3±8.2 (n=531)	40.1±8.7 (n=7 492)	32.8±8.3 (n=14 365)	36.4±8.5 (n=1 840)
Z		-9.5	20.3	8.7	-14.4
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Age of beginning drug use/years, $x ? ± s$	22 874	24.8±7.7 (n=501)	30.1±9.0 (n=7 061)	27.9±8.5 (n=13 646)	25.5±7.9 (n=1 666)
Z		-9.7	22.4	11.0	-13.6
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Duration between beginning drug use and first detoxification treatment/years, $x ? ± s$	25 366	5.4±4.6 (n=478)	4.9±4.7 (n=6 310)	3.4±2.9 (n=12 735)	5.3±4.8 (n=1 541)
Z		-9.5	15.4	23.0	11.8
P value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

表1

表2

图1

表3

不同地区强制隔离戒毒治疗的大麻使用者特征比较"

Subgroups	Xinjiang (n=186)	JiangZheHu (n=109)	Others (n=251)	P value
Gender, n (%)				<0.001
Male	186 (100.0)	84 (77.1)	184 (73.9)
Female	0	25 (22.9)	65 (26.1)
Ethnicity, n (%)				<0.001
Han	12 (6.5)	103 (95.4)	201 (83.1)
Minority	174 (93.5)	5 (4.6)	41 (16.9)
Education, n (%)				<0.001
Primary school and below	69 (42.6)	20 (18.5)	71 (29.2)
Junior high school	51 (31.5)	44 (40.7)	100 (41.2)
High school and above	42 (25.9)	44 (40.7)	72 (29.6)
Employment, n (%)				<0.001
No	38 (26.4)	53 (52.5)	122 (51.3)
Yes	106 (73.6)	48 (47.5)	116 (48.7)
Number of combined drug, n (%)				<0.001
0	28 (15.0)	3 (2.7)	16 (6.4)
1	76 (40.9)	27 (24.8)	26 (10.3)
2-	82 (44.1)	79 (72.5)	209 (83.3)
Combined drug^a, n (%)
Heroin	148 (79.6)	37 (33.9)	84 (33.5)	<0.001
Methamphetamine	87 (49.8)	101 (92.7)	222 (88.5)	<0.001
Ma Gu	11 (5.9)	68 (62.4)	184 (73.3)	<0.001
Ecstasy	8 (4.3)	29 (26.6)	80 (31.9)	<0.001
Ketamine	8 (4.3)	42 (38.5)	111 (44.2)	<0.001
Others	0	2 (1.8)	12 (4.8)	<0.001
Age/years, $x ? ± s$	33.0±7.1	36.9±8.0	31.8±8.5	<0.001
Age of beginning drug use/years, $x ? ± s$	26.4±6.8	25.1±7.2	23.4±8.4	<0.001
Duration between beginning drug use and first toxification treatment/years, $x ? ± s$	4.5±4.8	6.9±4.6	5.3±4.2	<0.001

表3

参考文献 19

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Subgroups	n	Only cannabis	Combined heroin	Combined synthetic drug^a	Combined mixed drug^b	P value
Total	546	47 (8.6)	74 (13.6)	230 (42.1)	195 (35.7)
Gender						<0.001
Male	454	45 (9.9)	74 (16.3)	163 (35.9)	172 (37.9)
Female	90	2 (2.2)	0	66 (73.3)	22 (24.4)
Ethnicity						<0.001
Han	316	20 (6.3)	4 (1.3)	191 (60.4)	101 (32.0)
Minority	220	24 (10.9)	70 (31.8)	35 (15.9)	91 (41.4)
Age						<0.001
9-24 years old	70	9 (12.9)	2 (2.9)	42 (60.0)	17 (24.3)
25-34 years old	244	19 (7.8)	33 (13.5)	114 (46.7)	78 (32.0)
35-44 years old	164	6 (3.7)	32 (19.5)	47 (28.7)	79 (48.2)
45 years old-	53	9 (17.0)	5 (9.4)	24 (45.3)	15 (28.3)
Education						<0.001
Primary school and below	160	17 (10.6)	25 (15.6)	43 (26.9)	75 (46.9)
Junior high school	195	18 (9.2)	22 (11.3)	86 (44.1)	69 (35.4)
High school and above	158	7 (4.4)	16 (10.1)	92 (58.2)	43 (27.2)
Employment						0.015
No	213	15 (7.0)	15 (7.0)	107 (50.2)	76 (35.7)
Yes	270	24 (8.9)	42 (15.6)	109 (40.4)	95 (35.2)