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北京大学学报（医学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (3): 467-472. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2021.03.005

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

孕期营养素摄入与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖控制效果的相关性研究

郭洪萍1,赵艾2,薛勇3,马良坤4,张玉梅1,Δ(),王培玉5,Δ()   

  1. 1.北京大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系,北京 100191
    2.清华大学万科公共卫生与健康学院,北京 100091
    3.中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    4.中国医学科学院北京协和医学院妇产科,北京 100730
    5.北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育学系,北京 100191
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-16 出版日期:2021-06-18 发布日期:2021-06-16
  • 通讯作者: 张玉梅,王培玉 E-mail:zhangyumei@bjmu.edu.cn;wpeiyu@bjmu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(81573129)

Relationship between nutrients intake during pregnancy and the glycemic control effect in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

GUO Hong-ping1,ZHAO Ai2,XUE Yong3,MA Liang-kun4,ZHANG Yu-mei1,Δ(),WANG Pei-yu5,Δ()   

  1. 1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100091, China
    3. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
    4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
    5. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2020-12-16 Online:2021-06-18 Published:2021-06-16
  • Contact: Yu-mei ZHANG,Pei-yu WANG E-mail:zhangyumei@bjmu.edu.cn;wpeiyu@bjmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(81573129)

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摘要：

目的: 探究孕期营养素摄入与妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)孕妇血糖控制效果的相关性。方法: 2015年10月至2017年10月之间招募北京某两家三甲医院进行产前检查且完成GDM诊断试验的孕妇(妊娠25~35周)参与队列研究,分别于入组、入组后2周、分娩时进行调查。本研究选取入组后2周的横断面调查数据进行分析,其中采用24 h膳食回顾问卷进行膳食调查,并根据《中国食物成分表》计算能量、宏量营养素及微量营养素的摄入量。利用临床信息系统收集的空腹血糖数据,参考中国《妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南(2014)》, 将GDM孕妇中空腹血糖≤5.3 mmol/L者划分为血糖控制较好组,>5.3 mmol/L者则划分为血糖控制较差组,并将正常糖耐量孕妇作为正常组。采用二元Logistic回归分析营养素摄入对GDM孕妇血糖控制效果的影响。结果: 共纳入孕妇227例,GDM孕妇104例,正常孕妇123例,其中血糖控制较好组76例(73.1%,76/104),血糖控制较差组28例(26.9%,28/104)。与血糖控制较好组和正常组比较,血糖控制较差组的蛋白质摄入量及其供能比显著较高,碳水化合物供能比则显著较低。微量营养素方面发现血糖控制较好组和血糖控制较差组之间的差异无统计学意义。调整年龄、孕周和体力活动水平后,以血糖控制较好组为对照组,二元Logistic回归模型显示,较高的蛋白质供能比与GDM孕妇血糖控制较差呈正相关(OR=6.12, 95%CI: 1.44~25.98),较高的碳水化合物供能比则与血糖控制较差呈负相关(OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.32~0.91)。结论: 蛋白质摄入减少、碳水化合物摄入增加与血糖控制较好有关,建议GDM孕妇进一步调整膳食结构以达到良好的血糖控制效果。

关键词: 营养素, 血糖控制, 妊娠期糖尿病

Abstract:

Objective: To explore the relationship between nutrients intake during pregnancy and the glycemic control effect in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Pregnant women for 25-35 gestational weeks who underwent prenatal examination and completed GDM diagnostic test in two third-class hospitals in Beijing from October 2015 to October 2017 were recruited to participate in the cohort study, and were investigated at enrollment, 2 weeks after enrollment, and delivery. The cross-sectional survey data 2 weeks after enrollment was used for this study. Among them, dietary survey used the 24 h dietary records to collect the food intake of the subjects for the past day, and the intake of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, was calculated according to the Chinese Food Composition Table. Using the data of fasting blood glucose (FBG) collected by clinical information system and referring to the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Diabetes (2014), the GDM patients with FBG ≤5.3 mmol/L were divided into the well-control group, those with FBG >5.3 mmol/L were divided into poorly-control group, and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were consi-dered as the normal group. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the nutrients intake and glycemic control effect in pregnant women with GDM. Results: A total of 227 pregnant women were enrolled, including 104 GDM patients and 123 normal pregnancy women. Among them, 76 subjects in the well-control group (73.1%, 76/104) and 28 subjects in the poorly-control group (26.9%, 28/104). Compared with the well-control group and the normal group, the protein intake and its energy ratio of the poorly-control group were significantly higher, while carbohydrate energy ratio was significantly lower. In terms of micronutrients, there was no significant difference between the well-control group and the poorly-control group. After adjusting for age, gestational age and physical activity level, with the well-control group as the control group, binary Logistic regression model showed that higher protein energy ratio was positively correlated with poorly glycemic control effect in pregnant women with GDM (OR=6.12, 95%CI: 1.44-25.98), while higher carbohydrate energy ratio was negatively correlated with poorly glycemic control (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.32-0.91). Conclusion: Reduced protein intake and increased carbohydrate intake were associated with better glycemic control in pregnant women with GDM. It is suggested that GDM patients should adjust their dietary pattern further to achieve good glycemic control effect.

Key words: Nutrients, Glycemic control, Gestational diabetes mellitus

中图分类号: 

  • R153.1

表1

不同血糖控制效果分组的人口社会学特征及健康状况"

Items Normal group (n=123) Well-control group (n=76) Poorly-control group (n=28) P
Age/years, $\bar{x} \pm s$ 32.4±3.3 33.0±4.1 35.7±3.7*# <0.001
Gestational age/weeks, M (P25, P75) 33.3 (30.4, 34.9) 31.1 (29.2, 33.1)* 33.6 (31.6, 35.0)# <0.001
Pregnancy BMI/(kg/m2), M (P25, P75) 21.5 (19.5, 23.4) 21.5 (20.2, 23.6) 21.8 (20.7, 25.4) 0.218
Nation, n (%) 0.051
Han 115 (93.5) 67 (88.2) 22 (78.6)
Other 8 (6.5) 9 (11.8) 6 (21.4)
Education level, n (%)a 0.766
Junior college or blow 4 (3.5) 10 (14.1) 2 (7.4)
University 62 (54.9) 33 (46.5) 16 (59.3)
Postgraduate or above 47 (41.6) 28 (39.4) 9 (33.3)
Occupation, n (%) 0.210
Home or unemployed 6 (4.9) 10 (13.2) 2 (7.1)
Work 100 (81.3) 54 (71.1) 20 (71.4)
Other 17 (13.8) 12 (15.8) 6 (21.4)
Family monthly income per person/Yuan, n (%)a 0.507
≤8 000 35 (29.2) 24 (32.9) 7 (25.0)
>8 000-14 000 40 (33.3) 29 (39.7) 13 (46.4)
>14 000 45 (37.5) 20 (27.4) 8 (28.6)
Subject’s average monthly income/Yuan, n (%)a 0.070
≤6 000 31 (25.8) 26 (37.1) 5 (18.5)
>6 000-10 000 53 (44.2) 23 (32.9) 8 (29.6)
>10 000 36 (30.0) 21 (30.0) 14 (32.7)
Physical activity, n (%) <0.001
High 20 (16.3) 34 (44.7)* 10 (35.7)
Medium 84 (68.3) 35 (46.1)* 16 (57.1)
Low 19 (15.4) 7 (9.2)* 2 (7.1)
Passive smoking, n (%) 0.225
Yes 28 (23.0) 8 (10.8) 4 (15.4)
No 88 (72.1) 60 (81.1) 20 (76.9)
Unclear 6 (4.9) 6 (8.1) 2 (7.7)
Family history of diabetes, n (%) 0.869
Yes 52 (42.3) 35 (46.1) 12 (42.9)
No 71 (57.7) 41 (53.9) 16 (57.1)
Parity, n (%) 0.105
0 100 (81.3) 53 (69.7) 19 (67.9)
≥1 23 (18.7) 23 (30.3) 9 (32.1)
Insulin usage, n (%) 0.721
Yes 4 (5.3) 1 (3.6)
No 72 (94.7) 27 (96.4)

表2

不同血糖控制效果分组的宏量营养素摄入情况"

Nutrients Reference intakea Normal group (n=123) Well-control group (n=76) Poorly-control group (n=28) P
Energy/kcal, $\bar{x} \pm s$ 1 809.2±466.9 1 685.4±551.9 1 793.0±448.5 0.222
Carbohydrate/g, $\bar{x} \pm s$ 130b 275.2±81.3 262.5±94.6 248.2±72.5 0.258
Carbohydrate energy ratio/%, $\bar{x} \pm s$ 50-65c 61.0±8.9 61.9±10.3 55.4±8.6*# 0.006
Protein/g, M (P25, P75) 85d 73.7 (62.5, 87.4) 76.5 (57.2, 92.9) 85.9 (76.8, 104.2)*# 0.011
Protein energy ratio/%, M (P25, P75) 15-20c 17.0 (15.0, 19.0) 18.0 (16.0, 20.0)* 21.0 (18.0, 23.0)*# <0.001
Fat/g, M (P25, P75) 47.6 (34.4, 63.2) 39.9 (26.7, 53.5) 51.3 (38.4, 60.1) 0.021
Fat energy ratio/%, M (P25, P75) 20-30c 25.0 (20.0, 31.0) 22.0 (18.0, 29.0) 25.0 (22.0, 33.0) 0.074

表3

不同血糖控制效果分组的微量营养素摄入情况"

Nutrients Reference
intakea		 Normal group (n=123) Well-control group (n=76) Poorly-control group (n=28) P
Dietary fiber/g, M (P25, P75) 12 (8.6, 17.4) 13.8 (9.3, 18.4) 16.5 (9.5, 21.9) 0.263
Vitamin A/μgRE, M (P25, P75) 770 1 538.2 (584.9, 1 946.5) 1 824.5 (837.4, 2 977.8)* 1 801.2 (558.4, 2 607.9) 0.003
Carotene/μg, M (P25, P75) 1 377.3 (750.4, 3 099.1) 1 956.7 (1 176.1, 2 713.0) 1 843.8 (1 121.5, 3 488.6) 0.136
Retinol/μg, M (P25, P75) 1 342.5 (212.7, 1 495.1) 1 470.4 (319.2, 1 606.8)* 1 374.5 (160.9, 1511) 0.008
Vitamin B1/mg, M (P25, P75) 1.5 2.1 (1.0, 2.7) 2.2 (1.3, 2.9) 2.3 (1, 3.1) 0.274
Vitamin B2/mg, M (P25, P75) 1.5 2.5 (1.0, 3.0) 2.6 (1.5, 3.4) 2.9 (1.2, 3.7) 0.039
Niacin/mg, M (P25, P75) 12 27.4 (11.7, 32.6) 27.9 (16.0, 34.5) 29.2 (14.9, 38.2) 0.308
Vitamin C/mg, M (P25, P75) 115 153.5 (88.5, 229.6) 201.4 (134.5, 262.0)* 198.8 (110.9, 440.4) 0.005
Vitamin E/mg, M (P25, P75) 14b 30.7 (13.4, 39.6) 31.8 (20.5, 40.9) 33.4 (15.0, 44.3) 0.360
α-tocopherol/mg, M (P25, P75) 5.2 (3.6, 7.4) 4.8 (3.4, 6.0) 4.7 (3.4, 6.3) 0.359
Calcium/mg, M (P25, P75) 1 000 737.1 (530.1, 926.3) 879.8 (660.6, 1 096.7)* 906.1 (803.1, 1 137.2)* <0.001
Phosphorus/mg, M (P25, P75) 720 1 272.5 (993.6, 1 546.2) 1 423.4 (1 145.1, 1 833.4)* 1 588.6 (1 387.2, 1 965.2)* <0.001
Potassium/mg, M (P25, P75) 2 000b 1 763.2 (1 435.6, 2 245.8) 1 811.6 (1 458.9, 2 233.9) 1 893.0 (1 649.5, 2 344.3) 0.217
Sodium/mg, M (P25, P75) 1 500b 750.7 (385.2, 1 367.1) 496.7 (402.7, 786.4)* 574.2 (396.7, 1 166.7) 0.029
Magnesium/mg, M (P25, P75) 370 313 (235, 403.5) 350.0 (284.7, 474.7)* 418.2 (276.3, 552.5)* 0.002
Iron/mg, M (P25, P75) 29 77.9 (30.4, 106.7) 80.1 (41.8, 115.8) 104.5 (33, 139.7) 0.132
Zinc/mg, M (P25, P75) 9.5 15.6 (10.5, 18.8) 16.8 (12.4, 21.3) 19.5 (14.4, 27.3)* 0.002
Selenium/μg, M (P25, P75) 65 49.0 (35.1, 62.4) 45.2 (32.8, 58.4) 51.0 (39.4, 57.7) 0.500
Copper/mg, M (P25, P75) 0.9 2.5 (1.8, 3.1) 2.6 (2.0, 3.3) 2.8 (2.0, 3.6) 0.192
Manganese/mg, M (P25, P75) 4.9b 4.5 (3.3, 5.8) 5.7 (3.8, 7.9)* 6.0 (4.5, 7.9)* <0.001

表4

营养素摄入与GDM孕妇血糖控制效果的二元Logistic回归分析a"

Nutrients Model 1b Model 2c
OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P
Protein 1.25 1.05, 1.50 0.013 1.20 0.98, 1.46 0.075
Protein energy ratio 7.69 2.08, 28.36 0.002 6.12 1.44, 25.98 0.014
Carbohydrate energy ratio 0.51 0.31, 0.82 0.006 0.54 0.32, 0.91 0.022
Fat energy ratio 1.69 1.00, 2.86 0.050 1.76 0.97, 3.19 0.065
Phosphorus 1.01 1.00, 1.02 0.010 1.01 1.00, 1.02 0.060
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ISSN 1671-167X
CN 11-4691/R
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