脊柱手术后深部切口感染患者多次清创的危险因素

doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2021.02.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨可能导致脊柱手术患者切口感染接受多次清创术的危险因素,以引起医务人员的警惕和重视,并探讨预防措施。方法: 回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月就诊于北京大学第三医院骨科,行脊柱手术后发生切口感染并进行清创术的84例患者资料,所有患者切口感染均发生于术后30 d内,诊断符合美国疾病预防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control,CDC)制定的深部手术切口感染的诊断标准。治疗采用早期清创术、一期关闭切口、置管对口冲洗引流,并根据细菌培养结果合理应用抗生素。清创术后密切关注患者生命体征、临床表现、抽血化验结果及引流液性状、细菌培养结果,如果不能控制感染或好转后再次出现原手术切口感染则行二次清创术。60例患者行单次清创术,包括男性36例、女性24例,年龄36~77岁,平均57.2岁;24例患者行多次清创术(14例接受2次清创,6例接受3次清创,1例接受4次清创,2例接受5次清创,1例接受6次清创),包括男性17例、女性7例,年龄21~70岁,平均49.5岁。对单次清创组和多次清创组之间变量进行单因素分析,将单因素分析有统计学意义(P<0.05)的变量纳入二元Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果: 本组二次清创率为28.6%。多次清创组累计住院时间(82.4±46.3) d,单次清创组累计住院时间(40.4±31.5) d(P=0.018);多次清创组6例取出内置物,单次清创组4例取出内置物(P=0.049);多次清创组7例行皮瓣移植术修复创面,单次清创组无病例行皮瓣移植(P<0.001)。单因素分析显示,原始手术时间大于3 h、原始手术出血量大于400 mL、合并糖尿病、感染后细菌学检验结果、伴有远隔部位感染等变量在两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,原始手术时间大于3 h(OR=3.60,95%CI:1.12~11.62)、合并糖尿病(OR=3.74,95%CI:1.06~13.22)、细菌学检验结果为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)(OR=16.87,95%CI:0.50~5.45)与脊柱手术后切口感染接受多次清创术显著相关。接受多次清创术的患者住院时间明显延长,面临内置物取出风险增高,部分患者还需皮瓣移植修复创面。结论: 原始手术时间大于3 h、合并糖尿病、细菌培养结果为MRSA是脊柱手术后切口感染接受多次清创术的独立危险因素,这些因素需要引起医务人员的重视并进行积极干预。

关键词: 脊柱, 外科伤口感染, 清创术, 危险因素

Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the risk factors that contribute to multiple debridements in patients suffering from deep incisional surgical site infection after spinal surgery and advise medical personnel to pay special attention to these risk factors. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 84 patients who got deep incisional surgical site infection after spinal surgery from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2017. The infections occurred within 30 days after the surgery, and the identification met the criteria of deep incisional surgical site infection of Centers of Disease Control (CDC). Early debridement with first stage closure of the wound and a continuous inflow-outflow irrigation system was used, and reasonable antibiotics were chosen according to the bacterial culture results. During the treatment, the vital signs, clinical manifestations, blood test results, drainage fluid colour and bacterial culture results were acquired. If the infection failed to be controlled or relapsed, a second debridement was performed. Of the 84 cases, 60 undergwent single debridement which included 36 male cases and 24 female cases, and the age ranged from 36 to 77 years, with a mean of 57.2 years. Twenty four had multiple debridements (twice in 14 cases, three times in 6 cases, four times in 1 case, five times in 2 cases, six times in 1 cases) which included 17 male cases and 7 female cases, and the age ranged from 21 to 70 years, with a mean of 49.5 years. Risk factors that predispose patients to multiple debridements were identified using univariate analysis. Risk factors with P values less than 0.05 in univariate analysis were included together in a multivariate Logistic regression model using back-forward method. Results: Multiple debridements were performed in 28.6% of all cases. The hospital stay of multiple debridements group was (82.4±46.3) days compared with (40.4±31.5) days in single debridement group (P=0.018). Instrumentation was removed in 6 cases in multiple debridements group and 4 cases in single debridement group (P=0.049). Flap transplantation was performed in 7 cased in multiple debridements group while none in single debridement group (P<0.001). Diabetes, primary operation duration longer than 3 hours, primary operation blood loss more than 400 mL, bacteriology examination results, distant site infection were significantly different between the two groups in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, primary operation duration longer than 3 hours (OR=3.60, 95%CI: 1.12-11.62), diabetes (OR=3.74, 95%CI: 1.06-13.22), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected (OR=16.87, 95%CI: 2.59-109.73) were the most important risk factors related to multiple debridements in the patients with deep incisional surgical site infection after spinal surgery. Conclusion: Diabetes, primary operation duration more than 3 hours, MRSA infected are independent risk factors for multiple debridements in patients suffering from deep incisional surgical site infection after spinal surgery. Special caution and prophylaxis interventions are suggested for these factors.

Key words: Spine, Surgical wound infection, Debridement, Risk factors

中图分类号:

R619.3

周柏林,李危石,孙垂国,齐强,陈仲强,曾岩. 脊柱手术后深部切口感染患者多次清创的危险因素[J]. 北京大学学报（医学版）, 2021, 53(2): 286-292.

ZHOU Bo-lin,LI Wei-shi,SUN Chui-guo,QI Qiang,CHEN Zhong-qiang,ZENG Yan. Risk factors for multiple debridements of the patients with deep incisional surgical site infection after spinal surgery[J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2021, 53(2): 286-292.

图/表 2

表1

表2

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Items	Single debridement	Multiple debridement	χ²	P
Gender			0.864	0.353
Male	36	17
Female	24	7
Age >60 years old	26	10	0.019	0.889
BMI≥28	22	10	0.182	0.670
Primary operation duration >3 h	16	13	5.735	0.017
Blood loss >400 mL	24	17	6.523	0.011
Segments number			0.120	0.942
2-3	29	12
4-5	27	10
>5	4	2
Systemic inflammatory response	22	13	2.160	0.142
Diabetes	10	9	4.251	0.039
Bacterial culture results			13.581	0.002
MRSA	2	7
Methicillin-sensitive Gram-positive bacteria	20	9
Others	18	8
Distal infection	10	10	6.906	0.015
Diagnosis			3.635	0.162
Tumor	1	1
Trauma	3	4
Degenerative	56	19
Implement used	44	21	1.966	0.161
Surgical approach			0.000	1.000
Posterior	59	23
Anterior and posterior	1	1
Surgical location			5.597	0.061
Cervical	16	2
Thoracic	3	4
Lumbar	41	18